Sunday, December 27, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
Bishop Drennan states that by the time of his appointment in 1997 child protection structures were already in place. The Framework document of 1996 which he refers to was flawed and Cardinal Connell told the Commission that it was not binding in canon or civil law so he could follow only those guidelines he wanted to follow – and the Commission makes it very clear that the guidelines were in place but were not being implemented. Change only began to occur with the appointment of a new head of Child Protection Services Mr Phil Garland in 2003.
Bishop Drennan advises against anger and adds insult to injury when he describes our calls for accountability as vengeful. He says he met with 60 priests from the Diocese of Galway and seems to enjoy their full support. I have today emailed the Bishop and asked him to formally invite 60 victims of sexual abuse by priests in Dublin to come and meet him in Galway to express their views.
I reiterate my call for Bishop Martin Drennan to resign.
END - 27/12/2009
Friday, December 25, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
I am grateful to each of the Bishops who has resigned since the publication of the Murphy Report. It is an important part of the healing process to know that those who were in positions of power and responsibility at a time when such abuse was taking place are accountable today for their actions or inactions when such abuse was brought to their attention.
It is important for me to live in a society where those who have subordinated the welfare of vulnerable children to the betterment of any institution learn that such behaviour is not acceptable.
I reiterate my call for Bishop Martin Drennan to resign.
Wednesday, December 23, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
I note that both Bishop Murray and Bishop Moriarty have resigned for the good of the church and without accepting any responsibility for the cover up of child sexual abuse by priests. This is not surprising to me. In the Murphy Report:
Paragraph 1.15 tells us that all considerations, including the welfare of children, were subordinated to an overall priority which was the good of the church and,
Paragraph 1.59 tells us there was a disturbing failure to accept responsibility on behalf of some of the bishops who gave evidence.
It is plain to see that both of these findings of the Commission are still true of the Catholic bishops today.
I reiterate my earlier call for Bishops M Drennan, E Walsh and R Field to resign following publication of the Murphy Report.
END - 23/12/2009
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
Bishops Murray, Moriarty, Drennan, Walsh and Field, were auxiliary bishops of Dublin during some of the period (1975-2004) covered by the Commission of Investigation and remain bishops within the Irish Catholic Church in Ireland today.
I repeat my call for Bishops Murray, Moriarty, Drennan, Walsh and Field to resign immediately. They joined with other Bishops to issue a statement on 10th December 2009 to say that they are shamed by the extent to which child sexual abuse was covered up in the Archdiocese of Dublin, yet individually they claim to have done nothing wrong.
Their continued presence in office is an insult to every child sexually abused by a priest in the Dublin Archdiocese, they display a contemptible level of arrogance and a shocking lack of humility.
The Catholic Church in Ireland has totally failed to respond at all appropriately to the findings of the Murphy Report.
END - 16/12/2009
Friday, December 4, 2009
OPEN LTR TO BISHOPS
Archbishop D. Martin
Bishop D. Murray
Bishop J. Moriarty
Bishop M. Drennan
Bishop E. Walsh
Bishop R. Field
Dear Sirs,
I write with reference to the publication of the Murphy Report into the handling of allegations of child sexual abuse against priests operating in or under the aegis of the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin.
I started reading the Report at 10am in an office of the Department of Justice last Thursday morning and quickly became both very angry and very sad as chapter after chapter revealed sickening details of acts of abuse perpetrated by priests on vulnerable young children. No matter how many other Reports I may have read or how easily I recall my own childhood experiences at the hands of former priest Ivan Payne, there is nothing that prepares a decent human being for the details of how any adults, let alone priests, sexually abused young children.
And then there is the cover up of that abuse. The knowing calculating self-serving cover up of the sexual abuse of children in order to maintain secrecy, avoid scandal, protect the reputation of the Church and preserve its assets. The Report is quite clear that these were the pre-occupations of the Archdiocese in dealing with cases of child sexual abuse, adding that the Commission of Investigation has no doubt that child sexual abuse was covered up by the Archdiocese and that the structures and roles of the Church facilitated that cover up.
Bishop Murray your behaviour is described as inexcusable; you protest that this is not the only description of your behaviour. You are right: the Report also says you were aware for many years of complaints and/or suspicions of clerical child sexual abuse, dealt badly with a number of complaints, and you did not deal properly with the suspicions and concerns that were expressed to you, these comments don’t exactly balance out the finding of your actions being inexcusable.
Bishop Moriarty you told the people in Kildare and Leighlin that you were not directly criticised in the Report. Yes you were: you claimed your reason for not properly investigating Fr Edmondus was because you did not have access to the archives, but the Report says that you could have asked the Archbishop to conduct a search which would have revealed earlier sexual abuse by the priest. That, Bishop Moriarty, is criticism.
Bishops Drennan, Walsh and Field, you were auxiliary bishops of Dublin during some of the period (1975-2004) covered by the Commission of Investigation. The Report tells us that a number of auxiliary bishops were made aware of complaints of child sexual abuse by priests in their geographical areas. Others found out about such priests through the regular monthly meetings involving the Archbishop and the auxiliary bishops. It is not believable to me that none of you, as bishops attending those meetings, were unaware that child sexual abuse was covered up by the Archdiocese. You were Bishops working in a Diocese where children were sexually abused by priests, priests that the Diocese knew were dangerous. You were all part of a structure and culture that facilitated the sexual abuse of children.
Bishops Murray, Moriarty, Drennan, Walsh and Field it is time for you all to resign. Some of you have tried to keep a low profile, others are trying to hold onto office in a manner that has become obscene. And please don’t hide behind the fact that some of you were not criticised in the Report; the Report only details a sample of allegations against 46 priests but it found allegations against 172, and don’t forget there are almost 40 pages missing from the Report, what will they reveal when they are published? For the Murphy Report to so conclusively find that child sexual abuse was covered up by the Archdiocese at a time when you were all bishops in the Diocese, and for you all to remain in office is to add insult to injury to me, and many people like me, who were sexually abused by priests. It is deeply hurtful and distressing that none of you can see that the hurt and pain caused to so many children in the Archdiocese at a time when you were Bishops is reason enough for you all to respect those sad experiences and go.
Archbishop Martin you have told your fellow Bishops that they must come out and answer questions raised in the Report – there are no questions raised in the Report, each chapter concludes with findings, findings of fact. It doesn’t ask Bishop Murray if he thinks his actions were inexcusable, it tells us they were. It doesn’t accuse him of behaving inexcusably, it tells us he did. Archbishop you have no right to tell Bishops that they should respond to this Report and if their responses are acceptable to you and your priests then maybe things will be okay. Things are not okay; you are not the one to judge their actions, Judge Yvonne Murphy has done that and on the basis of her findings I say your fellow Bishops, as named here, should resign. And if they don’t, you should resign before your meeting with them next week. In the meantime stop trying to undermine the Commission of Investigation and its findings.
Yours sincerely,
Andrew Madden.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
I am also shocked to see priests and ‘lay people’ gather together and issue a statement in support of Bishop Donal Murray. In the 14 years since I first went public I have never seen such people gather together and issue a similar statement in support of a single victim of child sexual abuse by a priest.
There was talk recently about a Service of Atonement at the Pro-Cathedral in Dublin planned by more ‘lay people’ in response to the Ryan and Dublin Reports. This service had the full support of Archbishop Martin providing it had the support of victims. I have now written to the organisers and told them not to bother, as any words expressed by bishops or anyone else at such a service would be utterly meaningless.
END 01/12/2009
Saturday, November 28, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
Given that Bishops Murray of Limerick, Moriarty of Kildare and Leighlin, and Drennan of Galway are patrons of most of the schools in their Dioceses and have been found in the Murphy Report to have collectively put the maintenance of secrecy, the avoidance of scandal, the protection of the reputation of the Church and the preservation of its assets above the safety, welfare and protection of children, it is wholly inappropriate to say that it is a matter for themselves whether or not they continue to hold such office.
Clearly the undue deference shown to bishops and priests by agencies of the State, as detailed in Murphy Report, is not at all over.
END 28/11/2009
IRISH INDEPENDENT 28 11 09
It is worthy of note that it is almost 14 years since I first moved information into the public domain to the effect that the Catholic Church in Dublin had a practice of moving priests with a record of child sexual abuse into other parishes in the Diocese, a practice which clearly put other children at great risk. It is almost 11 years since I first wrote to the then Taoiseach Ahern requesting an inquiry into this practice and only now is the State ready to publish a report detailing how such allegations of child sexual abuse by priests were handled. This inability to respond more efficiently does not say much for this Government’s attitude to the protection, welfare and rights of children. Those who turn a blind eye to these offences are as much a part of the problem as those who actually commit them. Looking the other way causes more children to be sexually abused.
No matter how much I may have already known or anticipated I was nonetheless shocked by the content of this report. This report details consistent practices by the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin to cover up child sexual abuse and cause children to be sexually abused by priests that should never have been allowed to continue in ministry.
Many times in the past the Archdiocese has claimed that such priests were only reappointed following medical advice to the effect that it was safe to do so. Repeatedly in recent years the Catholic Church has claimed that it felt very let down by that medical advice.
The truth, as spelled out in this report, shows that in many cases the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin misled the medical professionals it referred offending priests to and even when it received recommendations to send priests for residential rehabilitation or remove them from having access to children this medical advice was ignored.
Never again should the Catholic Church in Ireland attempt to blame others for its own decisions to reassign priests who were clearly a danger to children. Furthermore anyone who believes that what has been revealed in Ferns and Dublin has not happened elsewhere in the country is not living in reality, and such denial only causes more children to remain at risk.
This Report is a shocking indictment on the Catholic Church in Dublin. Its publication may bring closure for some victims, it may also serve as the only justice some victims ever receive, but its publication if not acted on will have been a wasted opportunity to raise standards of child protection in this country.
In July of this year Children’s Minister Barry Andrews published as 99 point plan in response to the Ryan Report. So many of the measures set out Minister Andrew’s plan include measures that so many people and organisations working with children have been demanding for years. But it took the horrendous revelations contained in Ryan before the government could be bothered to act. The 99 point plan needs to be implemented in full and on time. The time frame given for some of the changes to be made go as far as December 2011 which is strangely generous and implementation must be monitored by all to ensure that the agenda doesn’t slip once media attention is focused elsewhere. I would have preferred if non compliance with Children First Guidelines was a criminal offence instead of a breach of employment contract but in time we will see if the new arrangements are strong enough. There is also no mention of a duty to report by any member of the public who may have concerns or even knowledge about physical or sexual abuse of a child or child neglect.
A referendum on children’s rights being properly enshrined in the constitution is apparently back on the agenda though no date is set to bring about that much needed change. In 2007 then Minister for Children Brian Lenihan said the amendment was ‘the high point of the Government’s reforming programme of action in relation to children which had focused minds on children’s issues in a manner unprecedented in this country which will be of lasting benefit to all our children into the future’ and it was all a great credit to then Taoiseach Ahern. I assume both Lenihan and Ahern would now agree that their combined failure to make any progress beyond posing at press conferences and congratulating themselves is quite a low point. This government has never had children’s rights or child protection as a high priority. They may well point to their setting up of the Child Abuse Commission, The Ferns Inquiry or the Dublin Commission but these were not inquiries they wanted – they resisted these inquiries and only relented when embarrassed into action by the television programmes States of Fear, Suing the Pope and Cardinal Secrets. Earlier this year we saw a state agency, the HSE, carry out a shabby piece of work with its so called audit of each Diocese in the country and is consequently itself currently the subject of an investigation by the Ombudsman for Children Emily Logan.
A serious response to the Dublin Report ( on top of Ferns and Ryan ) must include the following measures:
The rights of children have to be enshrined in the constitution so that their rights as individuals have its protection and it is time the government presented the wording and a date for that referendum. It should specifically reflect the following:
The inclusion of an express reference to the rights of children, and to the special and vulnerable nature of childhood, asserting that all children must be treated equally.
The right to have their voices heard and to be represented in any proceedings affecting their welfare.
The right to be protected from abuse and exploitation.
The right to appropriate alternative care outside the family where needed. Also included should be obligations on the State:
To supply that care, but always with due regard to the rights and welfare of the child.
To promote their welfare fairly.
To safeguard with special care the interests of children who are disadvantaged by economic, social or cultural exclusion, or by disability, and to support parents as far as practicable who cannot meet their children’s needs unaided.
· Minister Andrew’s 99 point plan of work in response to the Ryan Report needs to be monitored closely so that it is implemented in full and on time and strengthened where needed.
· The monitoring and support of convicted sex offenders in Ireland is almost non-existent. The government has issued aspirational statements about changing the current system but much more is needed including:
-Those responsible for monitoring sex offenders should make regular unannounced visits to the homes of people on the sex offenders register.
-Parents and Guardians should be able to register a concern about an individual who they may be concerned about and in some cases it should be possible for them to be told if such an individual is a registered sex offender or not. This measure is already at an expanded pilot level in the UK.
-Monitoring of sex offenders should include polygraph testing, electronic tagging and polygraph testing. The government is currently examining electronic tagging of released sex offenders. Other jurisdictions have being using electronic tagging for 20 years, it does not need year long consideration, it needs to be resourced, rolled out and implemented.
-It is not appropriate to offer shorter sentences to offenders who participate in treatment programmes in prison as the government has considered - those who don’t participate voluntarily should be considered very high risk on release and should be monitored accordingly.
This week is another week of shame for the Catholic Church in Dublin: many abuses of children occurred because so many people turned a blind eye. Let us as a society not turn a blind eye to this government’s failures on child protection over the last 12 years and insist on higher standards at the next general election.
Friday, November 27, 2009
IRISH INDEPENDENT 27 11 09
As if this wasn’t upsetting enough we then read about what action was taken when bishops and priests were notified of the above abusive behaviour. The Report finds that after allegations were received, bishops and priests 1)encouraged one abusing priest to ‘stay on (in the parish) for a further six months in order to avoid any damage to his reputation’, 2)found that no canonical crime had been committed by the photographing of naked sick children in hospital, 3)conducted a marriage ceremony so a priest could marry a woman who he had sexually abused since the age of 13, 4)misled the medical profession about the extent of priests’ abusing in order to secure a favourable report and 5) worst of all used such ‘useless’ medical reports to justify sending paedophile priests out to new parishes where they carried on abusing more children.
When I was 17 years old I told our school guidance counsellor Ken Duggan that I had been abused by Father Ivan Payne for nearly three years up to aged 14. Ken Duggan reported my allegation to Archbishop’s House and Archbishop Ryan delegated responsibility for managing the allegation to Bishop Dermot O’Mahony. Some months later it was reported back to Ken Duggan that Father Payne had accepted that my allegations were true and he was eventually removed from our church in Cabra where I had been an altar boy. Bishop O’Mahony referred Father Payne to Professor Noel Walsh for assessment: unfortunately he said there had been a complaint from a 17 year old about inappropriate contact with Father Payne. He totally failed to mention that I was 17 now but the inappropriate contact was actually molestation, and had occurred when I was aged 12-14.
Shortly after this pretence of being referred for a medical assessement, Father Payne was moved to his new parish in Sutton. The Murphy Report finds that he abused at least 7 more boys after that time, though a total of 31 people made allegations against him. This, for me, is the worst single fact that has come out of this Report time and time again. Whether they manipulated information and medical professionals to get favourable but useless medical reports or wrote favourable letters of reference for paedophile priests moving onto other dioceses, they are absolutely responsible for the abuse of every child after that point. Listening to Archbishop Martin’s speech at Mater Dei on Thursday, which was printed in full in this newspaper yesterday, there is not one word of apology for this, and there should have been.
IRISH EXAMINER
Now the Commission has finished its work in Dublin, there are calls for it to investigate every other Diocese in the country besides Ferns ( already investigated ) and Cloyne ( investigation currently underway ). I support such calls. The first Dioceses investigated should be those which are led by a bishop who is named in the Murphy Report and found to have mishandled allegations of sexual abuse while auxiliary bishop in Dublin. It is quite reasonable to assume that bishops who engaged in a culture of calculated cover up of sexual abuse in Dublin, will have done the very same in any Diocese he is subsequently transferred to. I think it is also reasonable to assume that what has been revealed in Ferns and Dublin would be typical of practices and patterns of behaviour most likely to be found in any other Diocese in the country and victims in those Dioceses are surely entitled to the same process Ferns and Dublin have ‘enjoyed’. That alone would be a very good reason to ask the Commission to investigate the other Dioceses coupled with the fact that for many victims the full exposition of the truth is the only justice they may ever receive.
There is a second HSE audit of the Dioceses currently underway; so incompetent was the work of the HSE in its first ‘audit’ that it is now itself the subject of an investigation by the Children’s Ombudsman Emily Logan. Anyone who still has faith in the HSE’s ability to do anything besides waste money should read Emily Logan’s report into the care of non-Irish national children living in the care of the Irish state – they are failed every day of the week – and it’s almost 2010.
In July of this year Children’s Minister Barry Andrews published as 99 point plan in response to the Ryan Report. This needs to be implemented urgently though social workers working with children tell me he’s living on a cloud very near one Mary Harney lives on when she describes our hospitals in such glowing terms. Our national guidelines for protecting children are not on a statutory basis and Barry Andrew’s attempts to pretend that he’s changing this fools no one: he only wants to make compliance with the guidelines a statutory duty on any organisation in receipt of public funds ( this would exempt bishops for example ) and non-compliance would not actually be a criminal offence just a breach of employment contract. So not reporting knowledge of the abuse of a child would be less serious than not having a television licence, and Minister Andrews calls this progress!
The rights of children have to be enshrined in the constitution so that their rights as individuals have its protection and it is time the government presented the wording and a date for that referendum. The monitoring and support of convicted sex offenders in Ireland is almost non-existent, this needs to be resourced and improved considerably. Who is going to bring about such much needed change?
The next General Election will be unique in that in will be proceeded by these three shocking Reports which are testament to much, including this country’s failure to protect children to date. That failure would continue if we had all forgotten what response these Reports called for by the time of the next General Election. To show that political parties haven’t forgotten and are committed to raising standards of child protection dramatically after the next Election, I would expect the all the Parties’ next manifestos to reflect how seriously they take this matter and to have children’s welfare, rights and protection as a centrepiece of their policies for their first five years in Government. I very much hope I will not be disappointed as I have had quite enough of that in the last twelve years.
Thursday, November 26, 2009
Response to Murphy Report
Today I would like to welcome the publication of the Commission of Investigation’s Report into the handling of allegations of child sexual abuse against priests operating in or under the aegis of the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin.
It is worthy of note that it is almost 14 years since I first moved information into the public domain to the effect that the Catholic Church in Dublin had a practice of moving priests with a record of child sexual abuse into other parishes in the Diocese, a practice which clearly put other children at great risk. It is almost 11 years since I first wrote to then Taoiseach Ahern requesting an inquiry into this practice and only now is the State ready to publish a report detailing how such allegations of child sexual abuse by priests were handled. This inability to respond more efficiently does not say much for the State’s attitude to the protection, welfare and rights of children. Those who turn a blind eye to these offences are as much a part of the problem as those who actually commit them. Looking the other way causes more children to be sexually abused.
With regard to the report itself I would like to start by thanking Judge Yvonne Murphy and her team for their very hard work in conducting this investigation and producing this report.
No matter how much I may have already known or anticipated I was nonetheless shocked by the content of this report. This report details consistent practices by the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin to cover up child sexual abuse and cause children to be sexually abused by priests that should never have been allowed to continue in ministry.
Many times in the past the Archdiocese has claimed that such priests were only reappointed following medical advice to the effect that it was safe to do so. Repeatedly in recent years the Catholic Church has claimed that it felt very let down by that medical advice.
The truth, as spelled out in this report, shows that in many cases the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin misled the medical professionals it referred offending priests to and even when it received recommendations to send priests for residential rehabilitation or remove them from having access to children this medical advice was ignored.
Never again should the Catholic Church in Ireland attempt to blame others for its own decisions to reassign priests who were clearly a danger to children. Furthermore anyone who believes that what has been revealed in Ferns and Dublin has not happened elsewhere in the country is not living in reality, so vigilance at all times with an institution that has been so reckless with the welfare of children in the past is vital.
As a society we need to respond to the publication of this shocking report by working harder to raise standards of child protection. These are the measures that I believe are needed:
(It should be acknowledged that since the publication of the Ferns Report an offence of an act of reckless endangerment to children was incorporated into the Criminal Justice Bill, so much of the behaviour revealed in the Dublin Report would today attract criminal prosecution.)
The 99 point plan announced by Minister Barry Andrews in July of this year needs to be implemented in full and on time. The time frame given for some of the changes to be made go as far as December 2011 which is strangely generous and implementation must be monitored by all to ensure that the agenda doesn’t slip once media attention is focused elsewhere. I would have preferred if non compliance with Children First was a criminal offence instead of a breach of contract but in time we will see if the new arrangements are strong enough. There is also no mention of a duty to report by any member of the public who may have concerns or even knowledge about physical or sexual abuse of a child or child neglect. In short the Children First guidelines need to be put on a statutory basis and should include a statutory responsibility on every person to report knowledge, suspicion or reasonable grounds for concern of abuse or neglect of a child.
The rights of children have to be enshrined in the constitution so that their rights as individuals have its protection and it is time the government presented the wording and a date for that referendum. It should specifically reflect the following:
The inclusion of an express reference to the rights of children, and to the special and vulnerable nature of childhood, asserting that all children must be treated equally.
The right to have their voices heard and to be represented in any proceedings affecting their welfare.
The right to be protected from abuse and exploitation.
The right to appropriate alternative care outside the family where needed. Also included should be obligations on the State:
To supply that care, but always with due regard to the rights and welfare of the child.
To promote their welfare fairly.
To safeguard with special care the interests of children who are disadvantaged by economic, social or cultural exclusion, or by disability, and to support parents as far as practicable who cannot meet their children’s needs unaided.
The monitoring and support of convicted sex offenders in Ireland is almost non-existent. Some changes have been made to the current system but much more is needed:
The fact of being on the sex offenders register should involve more stringent signing on procedures with regular personal visits to Garda stations by released offenders.
Those responsible for monitoring sex offenders should make regular unannounced visits to the homes of people on the sex offenders register.
Parents and Guardians should be able to register a concern about an individual who they may be concerned about and in some cases it should be possible for them to be told if such an individual is a registered sex offender or not. This measure is already at an expanded pilot level in the UK.
Monitoring of sex offenders should include polygraph testing, electronic tagging, curfews and certain restrictions, for example an offender who only ever abuses children after he/she has taken alcohol should have it as a condition of their release that they don’t consume alcohol.
It is not appropriate to offer shorter sentences to offenders who participate in treatment programmes in prison – those who don’t participate voluntarily should be considered very high risk on release and should be monitored accordingly.
Vetting of adults working with children – there is need for Garda Vetting of people working with children to be extended to facilitate the passing on of soft information, this could possibly be done by amending the Protection for Persons Reporting Child Abuse Act, 1998.
In conclusion this Report is a shocking indictment on the Catholic Church in Dublin. Its publication may bring closure for some victims, it may also serve as the only justice some victims ever receive, but its publication if not acted upon will have been a wasted opportunity to raise standards of child protection in this country.
Sunday, November 22, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
I am also particularly annoyed as I wrote to Minister for Justice Dermot Ahern TD in July of this year requesting that I be given an embargoed copy of the Report 24 hours before its eventual publication and this request was refused. It is inappropriate that any victim should have been denied this request only to then read details of the Report in today’s Sunday Independent.
Thursday, November 19, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
It is now imperative that the Government publish this report before the end of next week at the latest, as publishing any later than that would be inappropriate given the upcoming budget on 9th December and I urge Justice Minister Ahern to attend to this matter without delay or fault.
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
DUBLIN ABUSE REPORT
Last Thursday the High Court issued a very clear order regarding publication which a child could have understood and have actioned within an hour, but a full week later Minister Barry Andrews announces that there is 'a material fact that wasn't brought to the attention of the High Court', and so they are having to go back. If the government had made a competent presentation to the High Court originally it would not have to now return to the court with its material fact it didn't present first time round.
I am reminded of the incompetence and snail's pace of progress I observed as I watched the Department of Justice fumble and stumble its way through every stage of setting up the Dublin Commission of Investigation as a full three and a half years went by. It beggars belief that this government has found yet another example of its incompetence to parade in front of the country as if it wasn't already plain for all to see.